RIGHT WAY TO WRITE RESEARCH PROPOSAL( SYNOPSIS) WITH SUITABLE EXAMPLES

• RIGHT WAY TO MAKE
   RESEARCH PROPOSAL
  (SYNOPSIS)
• DR SHASHI AGGARWAL
• RESEARCH SCHOLAR/NET EXAM/

• RESEARCH PROPOSAL
• RESEARCH PROPOSAL CONTAINS THE ESSENCE OF THE PROJECT AND SERVES AS THE CONTRACT BETWEEN THE RESEARCHER AND MANAGEMENT
• THE RESEARCH PROPOSAL COVERS ALL PHASES OF THE  RESEARCH PROCESS
• DESCRIBES THE RESEARCH PROBLEM
• APPROACH

1. THE RESEARCH DESIGN
2. HOW THE DATA IS COLLECTED
3. ANALYSIS AND REPORTED
4. COST ESTIMATE
5. TIME SCHEDULE

• ELEMENTS

1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY :- THE PROPOSAL SHOULD BEGIN WITH A SUMMARY OF MAJOR POINTS FROM EACH OF THE OTHER SECTIONS,PRESENTING AN OVERVIEEW OF THE ENTIRE PROPOSAL
2. BACKGROUND : THE BACKGROUND TO THE PROBLEM,INCLUDING THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT SHOULD BE DISCUSSED
3. PROBLEM DEFINITION/OBJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCH: NORMALLY A STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM INCLUDING THE SPECIFIC COMPONENTS W SHOULD BE PRESENTED
4. APPROACH TO THE PROBLEM :- LITERATURE REVIEW A
5. RESEARCH DESIGN :- EXPLORATORY.DESCRIPTIVE OR CASUSAL
6. ELEMENTS

7. RESEARCH DESIGN :- EXPLORATORY.DESCRIPTIVE OR CASUSAL. INFORMATION SHOULD BE PROVIDED ON THE FOLLOWING COMPONENTS :
8. KIND OF INFORMATION TO BE OBTAINED
9. METHOD OF ADMINISTERED THE QUESTIONNAIRE
10. SCALING TECHNIQUES
11. SAMPLING PLANS AND SAMPLE SIZE

12.  DATA COLLECTION : HOW THE DATA WILL BE COLLECTED

13.  DATA ANALYSIS

14.  REPORTING

15.  COST AND TIME

16.  APPENDICES

• SYNOPSIS

1. TITLE
2. BACKGROUND AND RATIONALE
3. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
4. RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES
5. PLAN OF THE WORK AND TIME SCHEDULE
6. BIBLIOGRAPHY

• TITLE PAGE

1. YOUR TITLE WILL VARY BASED ON THE TYPE OF RESEARCH YOU ARE DOING,BUT IN GENERAL IT SHOULD BE CONCISE AND DESCRIPTIVE
2. TTITLE WILL INDICATE TO THE READER WHAT TO EXPECT FROM PROPOSAL
3. TITLE PAGE INTRODUCES THE TITLE OF THE PROPOSAL,NAME AND THE PRIMARY INSTITUTION
4. EACH INSTITUTION SPECIFY A FORMAT FOR TITLE PAGE IF AN AGENCY DOES NOT, THEN APPLY THE APA STYLE

EXAMPLE : OF SYNOPSIS

• INTRODUCTION
• CORPORATE GOVERNANCE HAS EMERGED AS AN IMPORTANT FIELD OF RESEARCH AND CONCERN FOR FINANCE DISCIPLINE AS WELL AS MANAGEMENT OF THE MARKETS FROM THE LAST DECADE. IT HAS BECOME A CENTRAL ISSUE IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES FOR THE EFFECT OF FINANCIAL CRISIS IN DEVELOPED GLOBAL MARKET IN 2008. CORPORATE GOVERNANCE INFLUENCE THE COMPANIES TO MANAGE THEIR ORGANIZATION IN SUCH A WAY TO ACHIEVE THE LONG TERM STRATEGIC GOALS TO SATISFY THE SHAREHOLDERS, CREDITORS, EMPLOYEES, CUSTOMERS, SUPPLIERS AND COMPLYING WITH THE LEGAL AND MONITORING REQUIREMENTS, APART FROM MEETING ENVIRONMENTAL AND LOCAL COMMUNITY NEEDS. THE CONCEPT OF CORPORATE GOVERNANCE PRIMARILY HINGES ON COMPLETE TRANSPARENCY, INTEGRITY AND ACCOUNTABILITY OF THE MANAGEMENT. THERE IS ALSO AN INCREASINGLY GREATER FOCUS ON INVESTOR PROTECTION AND PUBLIC INTEREST. THE CONCEPT OF   CORPORATE GOVERNANCE IS TO SOME EXTENT A SIMILAR TO THE QUALITY PRACTICES ADOPTED UNDER THE ISO STANDARD. IT IS ADMINISTERED TO PROVIDE THE MAXIMUM BENEFIT TO THE SHAREHOLDERS.
• IN AN INITIAL PUBLIC OFFERING (IPO), AN ENTREPRENEURIAL FIRM OFFERS A PORTION OF ITS SHARES TO THE PUBLIC OR POTENTIAL INVESTORS TO MEET ITS FINANCING NEEDS. AS SUGGESTED BY CERTO ET AL (2001), AN IPO REPRESENTS AN IMPORTANT TRANSITION POINT IN A FIRM’S DEVELOPMENT SINCE THE FIRM MOVES FROM BEING PRIVATELY HELD TOWARD BEING PUBLICLY-HELD. IN THE SO CALLED “FINANCING HIERARCHY “FORMULATED IN PECKING –ORDER THEORY. THE IPO APPEARS TO BE A FIRM‘S FINANCING SOURCE AFTER INTERNAL FINANCING AND DEBT (MYERS, 1984). A FIRM MAY ENJOY A NUMBER OF ADVANTAGES FROM GOING PUBLIC, WHICH ENABLES IT TO OBTAIN ADDITIONAL FUNDING WITHOUT EXPOSED TO RISKS THAT MAY OTHERWISE ARISE FROM DEBT, ENCOURAGE GREATER TRANSPARENCY AND ACCOUNTABILITY AND  LEVERAGE ITS VISIBILITY AND REPUTATION IN THE MARKET (CASELLI,2010).

• HOWEVER, THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN UNDER PRICING AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE ATTRIBUTES RECEIVES RELATIVELY LITTLE ATTENTION IN THE LITERATURE. CORPORATE GOVERNANCE INCLUDES VARIOUS INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL MECHANISMS TO MITIGATE AGENCY CONFLICTS, WHICH MAY ARISE BETWEEN MANAGERS AND SHAREHOLDERS IN FIRMS WHOSE OWNERSHIP IS DIFFUSED AMONG A LARGE NUMBER OF SHAREHOLDERS (JENSEN AND MECKLING, 1976); OR BETWEEN THE CONTROLLING SHAREHOLDER AND MINORITY SHAREHOLDERS IN FIRMS WITH CONCENTRATED OWNERSHIP STRUCTURE (SHLEIFER AND VISHNY, 1997). GIVEN DIFFERENT INSTITUTIONAL ENVIRONMENT IN EMERGING MARKETS, THE INFLUENCES OF CORPORATE GOVERNANCE VARIABLE ON UNDER PRICING MAY DIFFER FROM THOSE IN THEIR DEVELOPED COUNTERPARTS. MOREOVER, UNDER PRICING AMONG IPO FIRMS IN DEVELOPING ECONOMIES IS GENERALLY HIGHER THAN THAT IN THEIR DEVELOPED COUNTERPARTS.  A WELL – FUNCTIONING CORPORATE GOVERNANCE STRUCTURE CAN NOT ONLY PROTECT SHAREHOLDER’S INVESTMENT, BUT ALSO MOTIVATE THOSE ENTREPRENEURS TO MAXIMIZE THE WEALTH OF INVESTORS ( CHARREAUX 1997; HUNG, 1998). SANDERS AND BOVIE (2004) SUGGEST THAT CORPORATE
• THIS PAPER EXAMINES THE ASSOCIATION OF CORPORATE GOVERNANCE VARIABLES AND IPO PRICING. IT STUDY THE IMPACT OF CORPORATE GOVERNANCE ON IPO UNDERPRICING BY USING SIX GROUP CORPORATE GOVERNANCE VARIABLES INCLUDING (I) OWNERSHIP STRUCTURE (II) BOARD-RELATED ,(III) CEO-DUALITY, (IV)  OWNERSHIP CONCENTRATION AND (VI) UNDERWRITER’S REPUTATION FOR DETERMINING THE IPO UNDERPRICING. IT ALSO STUDIES THE IMPACT OF FIRM LEVEL CONTROL VARIABLES.
• THE FIRM-LEVEL VARIABLES AND THEIR MEASUREMENT:- IN THIS STUDY BOTH THE FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE AND IPO RELATED INFORMATION WILL BE USED TO KNOW INFLUENCE ON UNDERPRICING OF IPOS. THE REGARDING FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE VARIABLES, VARIOUS PERFORMANCE MEASURES SUCH AS TOTAL ASSETS, NET PROFITS, SALES/ASSETS RATIO, GROWTH OF SALES, RETURN ON ASSETS AND PRICE EARNINGS RATIOS HAVE BEEN USED IN THE PREVIOUS STUDIES. SIMILARLY, VARIOUS IPOS-RELATED VARIABLES SUCH AGE OF THE FIRMS ON THEIR IPOS LISTING DAY, LISTED DELAY, OVER SUBSCRIPTION AND THE PROPORTION WHICH IS OFFERED TO PUBLIC WILL BE CONSIDERED.
• THE CORPORATE GOVERNANCE VARIABLE AND THEIR MEASUREMENTS:- IN THIS STUDY SEVERAL CORPORATE GOVERNANCE VARIABLES INCLUDING OWNERSHIP STRUCTURES (CG1), CEO –RELATED (CG2), BOARD RELATED (CG3), OWNERSHIP CONCENTRATION (CG4) AND UNDERWRITER REPUTATION (CG5) WILL BE CONSIDERED. THEIR MEASUREMENT ARE SUGGESTED AS FOLLOWING:
• THE OWNERSHIP STRUCTURES:- IN THE INDIAN IPO FIRMS THERE EXIST DIFFERENT PATTERNS OF OWNERSHIP STRUCTURES BETWEEN FIRMS. FIRMS FALLING IN PUBLIC AND AND PRIVATE SECTOR WILL BE IDENTIFIED. IN PUBLIC SECTOR THE FIRM MAY BE STATE GOVT OWNED; CENTER GOVT OWNED OR MAY BE JOINTLY OWNED BY STATE AND CENTRE GOVT.
• THE BOARD RELATED VARIABLES: - IN BOARD RELATED VARIABLES THE TOTAL NUMBER OF BOARD DIRECTORS, THE PERCENTAGE OF INDEPENDENT DIRECTORS ON THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS AND THE TOTAL NUMBER OF SUPERVISORS ON THE SUPERVISORY BOARD WILL BE CONSIDERED.

• LITERATURE REVIEW
  
  
• BAKAR AND UZAK (2014) THIS PAPER EXAMINES DUE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN UNDERWRITER REPUTATION AND TIMES OF OVER SUBSCRIPTION INTO IPO UNDERPRICING FROM 2000-2011 ON THE MSE. THE FIRST ANALYSIS WAS EXAMINED THE DEGREE OF UNDERPRICING OF SHARIAH-COMPLAINT COMPANIES. THE RESULT SHOWS THAT IPO UNDERPRICING FOR SHARIAH-COMPLAINT COMPANIES WAS 38.16%. THE SECOND ANALYSIS WAS EXAMINED THE DEGREE OF IPOS UNDERPRICING FOR HIGH UNDERWRITER’S REPUTATION FOR SHARIAH-COMPLAINT COMPANIES. THE RESULT SHOWED THAT UNDERWRITER WITH HIGH REPUTATION FOR SHARIAH-COMPLAINT COMPANIES TEND TO BE HIGH UNDERPRICING (I.E.37.31%) COMPARE WITH LOW UNDERWRITER’S REPUTATION (I.E. 35.17%) . IT ALSO CALCULATED THE AVERAGE TIMING OF OVER SUBSCRIPTION. OVERALL FINDINGS ON IPO UNDERPRICING FOR SHARIAH-COMPLAINT COMPANIES CONTRADICT THE CONSENSUS OF IPO LITERATURE THAT DOCUMENT THE SIGNIFICANT IMPACT ON IPO UNDERPRICING IN OTHER COMPANIES.
• LITERATURE REVIEW
  
  
• CHOWDHURY ET.AL. (2014). IT INVESTIGATES DUE IMPACT OF POST-IPO CHANGES IN CORPORATE GOVERNANCE MECHANISMS ON FIRM PERFORMANCE AS THEY ARE TRANSFORMING THEMSELVES FROM PRIVATE DOMAIN TO PUBLIC DOMAIN THROUGH INITIAL PUBLIC OFFERINGS (IPO). BY USING AUSTRALIAN DATA FOR YOUNG FIRMS OVER THE PERIOD 2002-2007, RESULTS ARE FOUND TO BE CONSISTENT WITH THE HYPOTHESIS THAT CORPORATE GOVERNANCE HAS AN IMPACT ON FIRM PERFORMANCE FOLLOWING AN IPO. IT DEMONSTRATE THAT THE PRESENCE OF ORIGINAL BOARD OF DIRECTORS AND TOP MANAGEMENT MEMBERS HAVE A POSITIVE INFLUENCE ON FIRM VALUE WHEN AN OPERATING PERFORMANCE MEASURE IS USED. BUT THESE FINDINGS ARE NOT REPLICATED WHEN A PERFORMANCE MEASURE IS USED.

•  
• 3. NEED OF THE STUDY
  
  
• THERE ARE SEVERAL REASONS WHY CORPORATE GOVERNANCE IS CONSIDERED AN INSEPARABLE OF COUNTRY’S ECONOMIC DNA. JUST AS IT IS THE GOVERNMENT’S RESPONSIBILITY IN A CIVILIZED NATION STATE TO PROVIDE CLEAN WATER, AIR, AND EFFICIENT COMMUNICATIONS. IT IS ALSO THE RESPONSIBILITY TO PROVIDE AN ORDERLY AND TRANSPARENT BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT THAT WOULD INSPIRE CONFIDENCE AND TRUST ON THE PART OF DOMESTIC AND INTERNATIONAL INVESTORS. RESEARCH SUGGESTS THAT OVERSEAS INVESTORS SHY AWAY FROM POORLY GOVERNED COMPANIES IN COUNTRIES WITH WEAK SHAREHOLDER PROTECTION RELATED LEGAL INSTITUTION SINCE THE INVESTOR’S INFORMATION AND MONITORING COSTS COULD BE OVERLY TAXING.
• CORPORATE GOVERNANCE HAS EMERGED AS AN IMPORTANT FIELD OF RESEARCH AND CONCERN FOR FINANCE DISCIPLINE AS WELL AS MANAGEMENT OF THE MARKETS FROM LAST DECADE. IT HAS BECOME A CENTRAL ISSUE IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES. CORPORATE GOVERNANCE INFLUENCE THE COMPANIES TO MANAGE THEIR ORGANIZATION IN SUCH A WAY TO ACHIEVE  THE LONG TERM STRATEGIC GOALS TO SATISFY THE SHAREHOLDERS, CREDITORS, EMPLOYEES, CUSTOMERS AND SUPPLIERS AND COMPLYING WITH THE LEGAL AND MONITORING REQUIREMENTS, APART FROM MEETING  ENVIRONMENTAL AND LOCAL COMMUNITY NEEDS. WE CAN ALSO SAY THAT CORPORATE GOVERNANCE IS ADMINISTERED TO PROVIDE THE MAXIMUM TO STAKEHOLDERS.

• 4. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
  
  

1. TO STUDY THE INFLUENCE OF FIRM RELATED VARIABLES ON SHORT RUN PERFORMANCE OF IPOS
2. TO STUDY THE INFLUENCE OF OWNERSHIP STRUCTURES ON IPO UNDERPRICING
3. TO STUDY RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BOARD RELATED PARAMETERS AND IPO UNDERPRICING
4. TO MEASURE THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN CEO RELATED VARIABLES AND IPO UNDERPRICING
5. TO STUDY THE INFLUENCE OF OWNERSHIP CONCENTRATION ON IPOS UNDERPRICING.

• 5. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
  
  
• THE STUDY WILL BE BASED ON EMPIRICAL RESEARCH.
• SCOPE OF THE STUDY
• THE STUDY WILL INCLUDE THE IPOS LISTED ON NATIONAL STOCK EXCHANGE DURING THE PERIOD OF 2006 TO 2016.
• SAMPLE SIZE
• THE WHOLE IPOS LISTED DURING 2006 TO 2016 WILL BE TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT. FOLLOW ON PUBLIC OFFER WILL EXCLUDE FROM THE STUDY. ONLY THOSE IPOS FOR WHICH THE COMPLETE INFORMATION WILL BE AVAILABLE WILL BE TAKEN FOR THE PURPOSE OF ANALYSIS.
• DATA SOURCE
• SECONDARY DATA WILL BE USED FOR THE STUDY, WHICH WILL BE COLLECTED FROM THE OFFICIAL WEBSITE OF NSE, RED HERRING PROSPECTUS FILED WITH SEBI AND ANNUAL REPORTS OF THE COMPANIES. TO EXPLORE MORE OF THE DATA, CORRESPONDING SITES OF PARTICULARS COMPANIES’ WILL BE PREFERABLY CONSIDERED.

• OBJECTIVE WISE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
  
  
• . TO STUDY THE INFLUENCE OF FIRM RELATED VARIABLES ON SHORT RUN PERFORMANCE OF IPOS.
• DEPENDENT VARIABLE WILL BE SHORT RUN PERFORMANCE. SHORT RUN PERFORMANCE WILL BE MEASURED ON THE LISTED DAY AND ALSO EXCLUDING LISTED DAY. THE RETURN WILL ALSO BE ADJUSTED WITH MARKET FORCES. THE INITIAL DAY RETURN WILL BE CALCULATED BY TAKING THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CLOSING PRICE ON THE `      ````````````CALCULATED BY TAKING THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CLOSING MARKET INDEX ON THE LISTED DAY AND CLOSING MARKET INDEX ON THE CLOSING OFFER DAY AND   DIVIDED BY CLOSING PRICE OF MARKET INDEX ON CLOSING OFFER DAY. MARKET ADJUSTED RETURN WILL BE CALCULATED INITIAL DAY RETURN MINUS MARKET INDEX RETURN. INFORMATION REGARDING THE OFFER PRICE AND CLOSING PRICE ON LISTING DAY,
• OBJECTIVE WISE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
  
  
• INDEPENDENT VARIABLE: FIRM RELATED VARIABLES WHICH ARE GIVEN BELOW:-
• TOTAL ASSETS: WHICH MEANS TOTAL FIXED ASSETS AS WELL AS CURRENTS ASSETS EXCLUDING FICTITIOUS ASSETS? INFORMATION REGARDING TOTAL ASSETS WILL BE CALCULATED FROM ANNUAL REPORTS IMMEDIATELY PROCEEDING TO THE IPO YEAR.
• NET PROFIT: NET PROFIT MEANS GROSS PROFIT MINUS ALL THE INDIRECT OPERATING EXPENSES. NET PROFIT BEFORE TAX OR AFTER TAX WILL BE TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT DEPENDING UPON THE SUITABILITY. THE INFORMATION REGARDING NET PROFIT WILL BE TAKEN FROM RED HERRING PROSPECTUS AND CROSS VERIFIED FROM THE ANNUAL REPORT OF FIRMS IMMEDIATELY PROCEEDING TO THE IPO YEAR.
• SALE/ ASSET RATIO: WILL BE CALCULATED BY NET SALES DIVIDED BY TOTAL ASSETS. THE INFORMATION REGARDING SALE/ASSETS RATIO WILL BE TAKEN FROM RED HERRING PROSPECTUS AND CROSS VERIFIED FROM THE ANNUAL REPORT OF FIRMS IMMEDIATELY PROCEEDING TO THE IPO YEAR.
• GROWTH OF SALE: PERCENTAGE CHANGE IN SALE AS COMPARED TO PREVIOUS YEAR. THE INFORMATION REGARDING GROWTH OF SALES WILL BE TAKEN FROM RED HERRING PROSPECTUS AND CROSS VERIFIED FROM THE ANNUAL REPORT OF FIRMS IMMEDIATELY PROCEEDING TO THE IPO YEAR.
• RETURN ON ASSETS: MEANS COMPANY’S NET INCOME DIVIDED BY ITS AVERAGE OF TOTAL ASSETS. THE INFORMATION REGARDING RETURN ON ASSETS WILL BE TAKEN FROM RED HERRING PROSPECTUS AND CROSS VERIFIED FROM THE ANNUAL REPORT OF FIRMS IMMEDIATELY PROCEEDING TO THE IPO YEAR.
• OBJECTIVE WISE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
  
  
• PRICE EARNINGS RATIO: MEANS MARKET PRICE PER SHARE DIVIDED BY ANNUAL EARNINGS PER SHARE. THE INFORMATION REGARDING PRICE EARNINGS RATIO WILL BE TAKEN FROM RED HERRING PROSPECTUS AND CROSS VERIFIED FROM THE ANNUAL REPORT OF FIRMS IMMEDIATELY PROCEEDING TO THE IPO YEAR.
• AGE OF THE FIRM:  AGE OF THE FIRM WILL BE CALCULATED BY TAKING THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE YEAR IN WHICH FIRM GOES PUBLIC AND YEAR OF INCORPORATION. THE INFORMATION REGARDING NET PROFIT WILL BE TAKEN FROM RED HERRING PROSPECTUS.
• LISTING DELAY: LISTING DELAY MEANS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DATE OF LISTING AND DATE OF CLOSING THE IPO OFFER. THE INFORMATION REGARDING NET PROFIT WILL BE TAKEN FROM RED HERRING PROSPECTUS.
• OVER SUBSCRIPTION: OVER SUBSCRIPTION MEASURES THE RESPONSE OF THE INVESTORS TOWARD THE IPOS. IT IS A SITUATION WHERE DEMAND FOR THE IPO EXCEEDS THE SUPPLY. INFORMATION REGARDING IT WILL BE TAKEN FROM BASIS OF ALLOTMENT.
• RESEARCH TOOLS AND TECHNIQUE: AS THE DEPENDENT VARIABLE IS ONE AND ALSO IN METRIC FORM AND INDEPENDENT VARIABLES ARE MORE THAN ONE  AND ALSO METRIC SO MULTIPLE REGRESSION WILL BE RUN TO STUDY THE INFLUENCE OF FIRM RELATED VARIABLES ON SHORT RUN PERFORMANCE OF IPOS.

• 
  
  
• . TO STUDY THE INFLUENCE OF OWNERSHIP STRUCTURES ON IPO UNDERPRICING.
• DEPENDENT VARIABLE IS IPO UNDERPRICING. INFORMATION REGARDING IPOS WILL BE TAKEN FROM THE
• 3. TO STUDY THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BOARD RELATED PARAMETERS AND IPO UNDERPRICING.
• DEPENDENT VARIABLE IS IPO UNDERPRICING . INFORMATION REGARDING IPOS WILL BE TAKEN FROM THE OFFICIAL WEBSITE OF NSE
• INDEPENDENT VARIABLE IS BOARD RELATED PARAMETERS. BOARD RELATED PARAMETERS WILL BE STUDIED IN THE FORM OF ;-

1. TOTAL NUMBER OF BOARD DIRECTORS.
2. % AGE OF INDEPENDENT DIRECTORS ON BOD
3. TOTAL NUMBER OF SUPERVISORS ON SUPERVISORY BOARD.
4. GENDER DIVERSITY

• CHAPTER SCHEME
  
  

1. INTRODUCTION
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
3. OBJECTIVES
4. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
5. DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
6. SUMMARY
7. CONCLUSION
8. SIGNIFICANT LEARNING AND IMPLICATION OF THE STUDY

• BIBLIOGRAPHY

• BIBLIOGRAPHY
  
  
• Ahmed, Z, & Mei, L.S. (2005). Operating performance of IPOs in Malaysia. Capital market review, 13, 21-32. Retrieved from www.mfa.com.my
• Alanazi, A. S., & Liu, B. (2013). IPO Financial and Operating Performance: Evidence from the Six Countries of the GCC. SSRN Electronic Journal. doi:10.2139/ssrn.2235969
• Bhatia, S, & Singh. B. (2013). Ownership structure and operating performance of IPOs in India. The IUP journal of applied economics, 12, 7-37. Retrieved from https://papers.ssrn.com
• Bhatia, S. (2009). The Post-Issue Operating Performance of Indian IPO Firms. SSRN Electronic Journal. doi:10.2139/ssrn.2926857
• Burke, R. J. (1997). Women Directors: Selection, Acceptance and Benefits of Board Membership. Corporate Governance, 5(3), 118-125. doi:10.1111/1467-8683.00052
• Cai, J, & Wei, K. (1997). The investment and operating performance of Japanese IPO. Pacific
• Basin financial journal, 5, 389-417.

• BIBLIOGRAPHY
• BY DEFINITION IS A DETAILED LISTING OF THE BOOKS,JOURNALS,MAGAZINES OR ON LINE SOURCES THAT HAS BEEN USED IN RESEARCHING AND WRITING
• BIBLIOGRAPHY MUST INCLUDE

1. THE NAME OF THE AUTHOR OR AUTHORS
2. THE FULL TITLE OF SOURCE MATERIALS
3. THE NAME OF THE PUBLISHER
4. THE DATE OF THE PUBLICATION
5. THE PAGE NUMBER OF THE SOURCE MATERIALS

• COMPLETE LIST OF EVERY SOURCE USED DURING THE RESEARCH WHETHER THE SOURCE WAS CITED IN TEXT OR NOT
• BIBLIOGRAPHY
• IS NOT JUST WORK CITED. IT IS ALL THE RELEVENT MATERIALS ONE DRW UPON TO WRITE THE PAPER ON THE READER HOLDS. API,MLA(MODERN LANGUAGE ASSOCIATION )
• AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION ( API)
• BOOKS : AUTHOR LAST NAME,FIRST NAME,(PUBLICATION YEAR),TITLE,PUBLISHER’S CITY,PUBLISHER,PAGE NUMBER
• ALEXANDER,CAROL.(2001) MARKET MODEL:A GUIDE TO FINANCIAL DATA ANALYSIS: NEW YORK NY: JOHN WILEY&SONS. PP200-220
• PERIODICAL  :AUTHOR LAST NAME,FIRST NAME,(PUBLICATION DATE), ARTICLE TITLE.” PUBLICATION TITLE,VOL.#ISSSUE(#),PAGE NUMBER
• SALMAN,WILLIAM A.( JULY-AUGUST 1997)”HOW TO WRITE A GREAT BUSINESS PLAN”. HARVARD BUSINESS REVIEW 74.PP98-108