Friday, December 18, 2020

THEORY OF PRODUCTION

 

 

        MICRO ECONOMICS





THEORY OF PRODUCTION/SHORT RUN PRODUCTION FUNCTION/LONG RUN PRODUCTION FUNCTION

    BY DR. SHASHI AGGARWAL

    TIME PERIOD

1.       SHORT RUN IS DEFINED AS THAT PERIOD OF TIME IN WHICH ONE OR MORE FACTORS OF PRODUCTION OR INPUTS ARE FIXED AND OTHER ARE VARIABLE

2.       IN SHORT RUN THERE ARE BOTH VARIABLE INPUTS AND FIXED INPUTS

3.       IF PRODUCER WANTS TO EXPAND OUTPUT HE CAN DO SO BY USING MORE RAW MATERIALS AND HOURS OF LABOUR SERVICE WITH THE EXISTING PLANT AND MACHINERY AND VICE VERSA

Wednesday, December 16, 2020

THEORY OF PRODUCTION PART 2 IN HINDI

PRICE MECHANISM AND PLANNING



 

     PRICE MECHANISM AND PLANNING


     DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS

     DR SHASHI AGGARWAL

     MEANING OF PRICE MECHANISM

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS--NATURE AND ATTRIBUTES OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS


 

     FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

     UGC NET COMMERCE/MANAGEMENT


     ACCOUNTING FOR MANAGEMENT DECISIONS

     DR SHASHI AGAGRWAL

     MEANING AND DEFINITIONS

     MAY REFER TO ANY FORMAL AND ORIGINAL STATEMENTS WHICH DISCLOSE FINANCIAL INFORMATION TO ANY BUSINESS CONCERN. OUTCOME OF SUMMARISING PROCESS OF ACCOUNTING. ALSO CALLED FINANCIAL REPORTS

     THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS ARE PREPARED ON THE BASIS OF RECORDED FACTS.

Wednesday, December 9, 2020

ACCOUNTNG CYCLE &ACCOUNTING TERMNILOGY

 

     ACCOUNTING CYCLE AND ACCOUNTING TERMNILOGY

     BY DR SHASHI AGGARWAL

 

     ACCOUNTING CYCLE

  1. ACCOUNT CYCLE IS A STEP BY STEP PROCESS OF RECORDING, CLASSFICATION AND SUMMARIZATION OF ECONOMIC TRANSACTIONS OF A BUSINESS.
  2. IT GENERATES USEFUL FINANCIAL INFORMATION IN THE FORM OF FIANCIAL STATEMENTS INCLUDING INCOME STATEMENTS BALAANCE SHEETS, CASH FLOW STATEMENTS AND STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN EQUITY.

Monday, December 7, 2020

DOUBLE ENTRY SYSTEM

 

  • DOUBLE ENTRY SYSTEM
  • BUSINESS ACCOUNTING/ACCOUNTING FOR MANAGEMENT
  • DR. SHASHI AGGARWAL
  • DOUBLE ENTRY SYSTEM


  • MEANING
  1. FEATURES.ADAVANATGES AND DISADVANTAGES
  2. TRADITIONAL APPROACH
  3. MODERN APPROACH
  • DOUBLE ENTRY SYSTEM
  1. LUCA  FRIAR PACILOI ----FATHER OF MODERN ACCOUNTING
  2. FIRST PRINTED BOOK ON DOUBLE ENTRY BOOK KEEPING ---SUMMA DE ARTHIMETICA GEOMETRICS PROPORTION ET PROPORTIONALITA
  3.  METHOD OF ARRANGING ACCOUUNT IN SUCH A WAY THAT THE DUAL ASPECT WOULD BE EXPRESSED BY A DEBIT AMOUNT AND EQUAL AND OFFSETTING CREDIT ACCOUNT
  • MEANING
  • DOUBLE ENTRY SYSTEM IS THE SYSTEM UNDER WHICH EACH TRANSACTION IS REGARDED TO HAVE TWO FOLD ASPECTS AND BOTH THE ASPECTS ARE RECORDED TO OBTAIN COMPLETE RECORD OF DEALINGS. EACH TRANSACTION THE DEBIT AMOUNT MUST BE EQUAL TO CREDIT
  • DUAL CONCEPT IS THE BASIS OF ACCOUNTING EQUATION. UNDER THIS CONCEPT :-
  • EQUITIES = ASSETS
  • CAPITAL + LIABILITIES = ASSETS

Wednesday, November 18, 2020

व्यष्टि तथा समष्टि अर्थशास्त्र के अंतर ( MICRO ECONOMIC VS MACRO ECONOMICS)

CREDIT RATING

 

           CREDIT RATING
FINANCIAL SERVICES AND MARKETS
MEANING.FUNCTIONS,
FEATURES
MERITS

           DR. SHASHI AGGARWAL

           MEANING AND DEFINITION OF CREDIT RATING

           CREDIT RATING IS AN ANALYSIS OF THE CREDIT RISK ASSOCIATED WITH A FINANCIAL INSTRUMENT OR A FINANCIAL ENTITY. IT IS RATING GIVEN TO PARTICULAR ENTITY BASED ON THE CREDENTIALS AND EXTENT TO WHICH THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS OF THE ENTITY ARE SOUND IN TERMS OF BORROWING AND LENDING THAT HAS BEEN DONE IN THE PAST.

           IS SIMPLY OPINION ON THE FUTURE ABILITY AND LEGAL OBLIGATION OF AN ISSUER TO MAKE TIMELY PAYMENTS OF PRINCIPAL AND INTEREST ON SPECIFIC FIXED INCOME SECURITY,

Wednesday, October 28, 2020

INFLATION



 

  • INFLATION

  • MACRO ECONOMICS
  • DR SHASHI AGGARWAL
  • NET MANAGEMENT UNIT 1
  • MEANING OF INFLATION
  • A PERSISTENT RISE IN PRICES IS CALLED INFLATION.

Monday, October 26, 2020

ELASTICITY OF DEMAND


 

   

   ELASTICITY OF DEMAND
MICRO ECONOMICS/BUSINESS ECONOMICS/CA/CMA/CS FOUNDATION

   DR SHASHI AGGARWAL

   MEANING
 OF ELASTICITY OF DEMAND

Tuesday, October 20, 2020

LITTLE-MIRRLESS MODEL ( L-M APPROACH OF SCBA)/SCBA PART 3

 

  • SOCIAL COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS 3
    THE LITTLE –MIRRLEES APPROACH
  • DR SHASHI AGGARWAL

  • PROJECT MANAGEMENT
  • THE LITTLE –MIRRLEES APPROACH
  • I.M.D LITTLE AND JAMES A. MIRRELESS HAVE DEVELOPED A MODEL KNOWN AS L-M MODEL OF  SOCIAL COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS.
  • I.M.D LITTLE AND JAMES A MIRRLEES PRODUCED THE MANUAL OF INDUSTRIAL PROJECTS ANALYSIS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN 1968 FOR DEVELOPMENT CENTRE OF THE ORGANIZATION FOR ECONOMIC COOPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT ( OECD)

Monday, October 19, 2020

UNIDO APPRAOCH/SOCIAL COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS PART 2

 

  • UNIDO APPROACH

  •  FAMOUS ECONOMISTS STEPHEN MARLIN,AMARTYA SEN AND PARTHA DAS GUPTA PREPARED A MANUAL
  • IT PUBLISHED THIS MANUAL IN 1972 UNDER THE TITLE “GUIDELINES FOR PROJECTS EVALUATION” IT BROUGHT ANOTHER MANUAL TITLED “GUIDE TO PARTICULAR PROJECT APPRAISAL” TO SIMPLIFY THE COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF PROJECTS FOR PRACTICAL

Friday, October 16, 2020

CAPACITY OF PARTIES 2/CHAPTER 3/INDIAN CONTRACT ACT 1872 IN HINDI

CAPACITY OF CONTRACT/INDIAN CONTRACT ACT 1872/CHAPTER 3 OF BUSINESS LAW


 

  • CHAPTER 3
    CAPACITY OF PARTIES


  • CAPACITY OF PARTIES
  • FOR A VALID CONTRACT, THE PARTIES TO A CONTRACT MUST HAVE CAPACITY.
  • EVERY PERSON IS PRESUMED TO CONTRACT MUST HAVE CAPACITY BUT THERE ARE CERTAIN PERSONS WHO’S AGE, CONDITION OR STATUS RENDERS THEM INCAPABLE OF BINDING THEMSELVES BY A CONTRACT.
  • SECTION 10 ALL AGREEMENTS ARE CONTRACT IF THEY ARE MADE BY THE PARTIES COMPETENT TO ENTER INTO CONTRACT

Tuesday, October 13, 2020

SOCIAL COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS PART 1

      SOCIAL COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS


PROJECT MANAGEMENT

     BY DR. SHASHI AGGARWAL

     SOCIAL COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS

     THE MAIN OBJECTIVES OF AN INDIVIDUAL,A FIRM OR A COMPANY IN INVESTING ON A PROJECT IS TO EARN THE MAXIMUM POSSIBLE RETURN FOR  THE INVESTMENT,THE PROJECT PRMOTERS ARE SOLELY INTERSTED IN WEALTH MAXIMZATION

     SOME PROJECTS THAT MAY NOT OFFER ATTRATCIVE RETURN AS FAR AS COMMERICAL PROFITABILITY IS CONCERNED BUT STILL SUCH PROJECTS ARE UNDERTAKEN THEY HAVE SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS. LIKE THEY ARE PUBLIC PROJECTS :

1.       ROADS,RAILWAYS,BRIDGE,TRANSPORT PROJECTS,IRRIGATION PROJECTS  ETC

2.       HERE SOCIAL CONSIDERATION PLAY A SIGNIFICANT ROLE AND THEY ARE EVALUATED FOR THEIR NET SOCIO ECONOMIC BENEFITS AND PROFITABILITY ANALYSIS OF SUCH PROJECTS IS KNOWNS AS NATIONALITY PROFITABILITY ANALYSIS.

EMOTIONS AND MOODS PART 1 IN HINDI/OB

Monday, October 12, 2020

सांख्यिकी की अविश्वासनीयता/DISTRUST OF STATISTICS

WEALTH DEFINITION BY ADAM SMITH IN HINDI

WEALTH DEFINITION BY ADAM SMITH IN ENGLISH

DEFINITION OF ECONOMICS

 



  • DEFINITION OF ECONOMICS
  • WEALTH DEFINITION
  • WELFARE DEFINITION
  • SCARCITY DEFINITION
  • GROWTH DEFINITION

·         MICRO ECONOMICS

·         DR SHASHI AGAGRWAL

  • MEANING OF ECONOMCS
  • ECONOMICS IS DERIVED FROM THE GREEK WORD ,” OIKONOMIA”WHICH CAN BE DIVIDED INTO TWO PARTS:-
  • OIKOS WHICH MEANS HOUSE
  • NEMEIN WHICH MEANS MANAGEMENT

·         MANAGEMENT OF HOUSEHOLD WITH LIMITED FUNDS