PERCEPTION PART 1

• PERCEPTION 1
  PERCEPTION PROCESS
  ORGANIZATION BEHAVIOR
• DR SHASHI AGGARWAL
• MEANING
• GIVING MEANING TO THE ENVIRONMENT AROUND US
• STEPHEN,” A PROCESS BY WHICH INDIVIDUALS ORGANIZE AND INTERPRET THEIR SENSORY IMPRESSION IN ORDER TO GIVE MEANING TO THE ENVIORNMENT”
• A PROCESS WHICH INVOLVES SEEING,RECEIVING,SELECTING,ORGANIZING,INTERPRETING AND GIVING MEANING TO THE ENVIRONMENT. THE FUNCTIONING OF THE WHOLE PROCESS IS INFLUENCED BY THE INDIVIDUALS DOING ,THE PERCEIVING,THE OBJECTS OR EVENTS BEING PERCEIVED AND THE ENVIRONMENT IN WHICH PERCEPTION OCCURS
• S.P ROBBINS,” PERCEPTION IS A PROCESS BY WHICH INDIVIDUALS ORGANIZE AND INTERPRET THEIR SENSORY IMPRESSION IN ORDER TO GIVE MEANING TO THEIR ENVIRONMENT.
• WHICH MEANS THE MANNER IN WHICH WE EXPERIENCE THE WORLD. IT IS THE PROCESS BY WHICH PEOPLE ORGANIZE INTERPRET AND EXPERIENCE IDEAS AND USE STIMULUS MATERIALS IN THE ENVIRONMENT TO SATISFY THE NEEDS.
• ACCORDING TO JOSEPH REITZ : PERCEPTION INCLUDES ALL THOSE PROCESSES BY WHICH INDIVIDUAL RECEIVES INFORMATION ABOUT HIS ENVIRONMENT –SEEING,HEARING,FEELING,TASTING AND SMELLING.
• PEOPLE DIFFER IN THEIR REACTION DUE TO DIFFERENCES IN THE PERCEPTION THEY HAVE ABOUT THINGS
• PERCEPTION MAY THUS BE DESCRIBED AS A PERSON.S VIEW OF REALITY.
• PERCEPTION

1. SOUND: THE ABILITY TO RECEIVE SOUND BY VIBRATION
2. OF SPEECH
3. TOUCH
4. TASTE
5. OTHER SENSES: THEY APPROVE PERCEPTION THROUGH BODY.PAIN ETC

• NATURE OF PERCEPTION

1. INTELLECTUAL PROCESS THROUGH WHICH A PERSON SELECTS THE DATA FROM THE ENVIRONMENT,ORGANIZE AND OBTAINS MEANING FROM IT
2. IS A BASIC COGNITIVE OR PSYCHOLOGICAL PROCESS. THE MANNER IN WHICH A PERSON PERCEIVES THE ENVIRONMENT AFFECT HIS BEHAVIOR
3. PEOPLE’S ACTIONS,EMOTIONS,THOUGHTS OR FEELING ARE TRIGGERED BY THE PERCEPTION OF THEIR SURROUNDING
4. PERCEPTION IS SUBJECTIVE PROCESS AND DIFFERENT PEOPLE MAY PERCEIVE THE SAME ENVIRONMENT DIFFERENTLY

• DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PERCEPTION AND SENSATION
• SENSATION

1. RESPONSE OF A PHYSICAL SENSORY ORGAN TO SOME STIMULI
2. SENSATION PRECEDES THE PERCEPTION

• PERCEPTION

1. MUCH MORE THAN SENSATION
2. DEPENDS UPON SENSORY RAW DATA
3. DETERMINED BY BOTH PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS

• IMPORTANCE

1. VERY IMPORTANT IN UNDERSTANDING THE HUMAN BEHAVIOR
2. IF PEOPLE BEHAVE ON THE BASIS OF THEIR PERCEPTION,WE CAN PREDICT THEIR BEHAVIOUR
3. NEEDS OF VARIOUS PEOPLE CAN BE DETERMINED
4. IN ORDER TO DEALS WITH THE SUBORDINATES THE MANAGERS MUST UNDERSTAND THEIR PERCEPTION EFFECTIVELY

• PERCEPTUAL PROCESS
• PERCEPTION IS THE PROCESS THROUGH WHICH PEOPLE RECEIVE,SELECT AND ORGANIZE AND INTERPRET INFORMATION FROM THEIR ENVIRONMENT
• THROUGH PERCEPTION PEOPLE PROCESS INFORMATION INPUT INTO DECISIONS AND ACTIONS.
• PERCEPTUAL INPUTS ARE FIRST RECEIVED,THEN PROCESSES BY THE RECEIVER AND THE RESULTANT OUTPUT BECOMES THE BASE OF BEHAVIOR.
• COMPONENTS OF PERCEPTUAL PROCESS

1.     INPUTS : THE PERCEIVER COMES ACROSS INFORMATION,OBJECTS ,EVENTS ,PEOPLE IN THE ENVIRONMENT.THEY SERVE AS THE INPUTS OF PERCEPTUAL PROCESS.

2.     PERCEPTUAL MECHANISM :

3.     SELECTION : TAKES ACCOUNT OF ONLY THOSE STIMULI THAT ARE RELEVANT AND APPROPRIATE FOR AN INDIVIDUAL

4.     ORGANIZATION :-IT IS ORGANIZED TO EXTRACT MEANING OUT OF WHAT IS PERCEIVED BY THE INDIVIDUAL

5.     PERCEPTUAL INTERPRETATION : INFERENCES DRAWN FROM OBSERVED MEANING FROM THE PERCEIVED EVENTS,OBJECTS

6.     OUTPUT :CHANGES IN ATTITUDE,OPINIONS,BELIEFS ETC

7.     BEHAVIOUR

• PERCEPTUAL MECHANISM
• SELECTIONN : MANY THINGS ARE HAPPENING IN THE ENVIRONMENT SIMULTANEOUSLY,HOWEVER ONE CAN NOT PAY EQUAL ATTENTION TO ALL THESE THINGS. ONLY THE MOST RELEVANT THING WILL BE SELECTED AND GIVEN ATTENTION. IT IS CALLED PERCEPTUAL SELECTIVITY.
• THE FOLLOWING FACTORS GOVERN THE SELECTION OF STIMULI :

1. EXTERNAL FACTORS
2. INTERNAL FACTORS

• EXTERNAL FACTORS

1. SIZE : THE BIGGER IS THE SIZE OF THE STIMULUS,THE HIGHER IS THE PROBABILITY THAT IT IS PERCEIVED. SIZE ATTRACTS ATTENTION
2. INTENSITY :-ALSO ATTRACTS TO INCREASE SELECTED PERCEPTION
3. REPETITION : REPEATED EXTERNAL STIMULUS IS MORE ATTENTION DRAWING THAN A SINGLE ONE
4. STATUS :- HIGH STATUS PEOPLE CAN EXERT GREATER INFLUENCE ON THE PERCEPTION
5. CONTRAST :- AN OBJECT WHICH CONTRASTS WITH THE SURROUNDING ENVIRONMENT IS MORE LIKELY TO NOTICED THE OBJECT
6. MOVEMENT :- A MOVING OBJECT RECEIVES MORE ATTENTION
7. NOVELTY AND FAMILIARITY
8. NATURE :WHETHER THE OBJECT IS VISUAL OR AUDITORY AND WHETHER IT INVOLVES PICTURES,PEOPLES OR ANIMALS

• INTERNAL FACTORS
• RELATE TO THE PERCEIVER

1. LEARNING :- LEARNING MAY PLAY THE SINGLE BIGGEST ROLE IN DEVELOPING PERCEPTUAL SET.PERCEPTUAL SET IS BASICALLY WHAT A PERSON EXPECTS FROM THE STIMULI ON THE BASIS OF HIS LEARNING AND EXPERIENCES RELATIVE TO SAME OR SIMILAR STIMULI. ALSO KNOWN AS COGNITIVE AWARENESS BY WHICH MINE ORGANIZES INFORMATION AND FORMS IMAGES AND COMPARES THEM WITH EXPOSURES TO SAME STIMULI.
2. MOTIVATION : MOTIVATION HAS A VITAL IMPACT ON PERCEPTUAL SELECTIVITY BESIDES THE LEARNING ASPECTS OF THE PERCEPTUAL SET.
3. PERSONALITY :-PERSONALITY,VALUES AND AGE MAY AFFECT THE WAY PEOPLE PERCEIVE THE WORLD AROUND.

• ORGANIZATION
• A PERSON’S PERCEPTUAL PROCESS ORGANIZES THE INFORMATION INTO MEANINGFUL. SELECTION IS THE SUBJECTIVE PROCESS . ORGANIZING IS COGNITIVE PROCESS

1. FIGURE GROUND :-PERCEIVED OBJECT,EVENT R PERSON STANDS OUT DISTINCT FROM ITS BACKGROUND AND GETS THE COGNITIVE ATTENTION OF THE INDIVIDUALS. THE MEANINGFUL AND SIGNIFICANT PORTION IS CALLED THE FIGURE AND INSIGNIFICANT PORTION IS CALLED GROUND. THE PERCEIVER TENDS TO ORGANIZE ONLY THAT INFORMATION IN THE ENVIRONMENT WHICH SEEMS TO BE SIGNIFICANT TO THE INDIVIDUAL.
2. PERCEPTUAL GROUPING :- TENDENCY TO CURB THE INFORMATION INTO MEANINGFUL PATTERN. GROUPING IS POSSIBLE DEPENDING UPON THE SIMILARITY OR PROXIMITY. THE TENDENCY TO GROUP PEOPLE OR THINGS THAT APPEAR TO BE SIMILAR IN CERTAIN WAYS IS A COMMON WAY OF ORGANIZING THE INFORMATION
3. ORGANIZATION
4. SIMPLIFICATION :-WHENEVER PEOPLE ARE LOADED WITH INFORMATION THEY TRY TO SIMPLIFY IT TO MAKE MORE MEANINGFUL. IGNORING OF  LESS IMPORTANT AND CONCENTRATING ON MORE IMPORTANT.
5. CLOSURE :-PEOPLE WHEN FACED WITH INCOMPLETE INFORMATION HAVE A TENDENCY TO FILL THE GAPS THEMSELVES TO MAKE IT MORE MEANINGFUL

• INTERPRETATION

1. INTEGRAL PART OF THE PERCEPTION PROCESS
2. WITHOUT SELECTION AND ORGANIZING IT IS MEANINGLESS
3. SEVERAL FACTORS CONTRIBUTE
4. PERCEPTUAL SET
5. STEREOTYPING
6. HALO EFFECT
7. PERCEPTUAL CONTEXT
8. PERCEPTUAL DEFENCE
9. PERSONAITY THEORY AND PROJECTION

·         THEY BECOME JUDGMENTAL.