PERCEPTION 2 : FACTORS AFFETCING THE PERCEPTION

• PERCEPTION 2
• ORGANIZATION BEHAVIOUR

• FACTORS AFFECTING PERCEPTION

1. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PERCIEVER
2. CHARACTER OF THE PERCEIVED
3. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SITUATION

• FEATURES OF THE PERCIEVER
  ( INTERNAL FACTORS)
• NEEDS AND MOTIVES :- A NEED IS A  DETERMINED BY THEIR INNER NEEDS. A NEED IS A FELLING OF TENSION OR DISCOMFORT WHEN WE REQUIRE SOMETHING. PEOPLE WITH DIFFERENT NEEDS EXPERIENCE DIFFERENT STIMULI.WHEN PEOPLE ARE NOT ABLE TO SATISFY THEIR NEEDS,THEY ARE ENGAGED IN WISHFUL THINKING.
• SELF CONCEPT :- THE WAY ONE SEES THE WORLD IS INFLUENCED BY SELF CONCEPT.THE SELF CONCEPT PLAYS A VERY IMPORTANT ROLE . THOUGHT OF INTERNAL FORM OF ATTENTION SEEKING AN LARGELY BASED ON THE INDIVIDUAL’S COMPLEX PSYCHOLOGICAL MAKE UP.
• BELIEF :- PROFOUND INFLUENCE ON HIS PERCEPTION. A FACT IS CONCEIVED NOT ON WHAT IT IS BUT ON WHAT IT IS ABOUT BUT WHAT A PERSON BELIEVES IT TO BE. KNOWN AS MAINTENANCE OF COGNITIVE CONSISTENCY.
• PAST EXPERIENCE :- A PERSON’S PAST EXPERIENCE MOULD THE WAY HE PERCEIVES THE CURRENT SITUATION.
• CURRENT PSYCHOLOGICAL STATE :- THE EMOTIONAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL STATES OF AN INDIVIDUAL ARE LIKELY TO INFLUENCE HOW THINGS ARE PERCEIVED
• EXPECTATION :-AFFECT WHAT A PERSON PERCEIVES. EXPECTATION ARE RELATED WITH THE STATE OF ANTICIPATION OF PARTICULAR BEHAVIOUR FROM A PERSON.
• CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TARGET OR PERCEIVED

1. SIZE :-THE BIGGER THE SIZE OF THE PERCEIVED STIMULS.THE HIGHER IS THE PROBABILITY THAT IT IS PERCIEVED. SIZE ATTRACTS THE ATTENTION
2. INTENSITY : INTENSITY ATTRACTS TO INCREASE THE SELECTIVE PERCEPTION
3. FREQUENCY :- REPEATED EXTERNAL STIMULS IS MORE ATTENTION ATTRACTING AT TIME.
4. STATUS :- ALSO INFLUENCED BY THE STATUS OF PERCIEVER. HIGH STATUS PEOPLE CAN EXERT GREATER INFLUENCE ON THE PERCEPTION
5. CONTRAST :- STIMULI THAT CONTRAST WITH THE SURROUNDING BY THE  SURROUNDING ENVIRONMENT ARE MORE LIKELY TO BE ATTENTION CATCHING.

• CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SITUATION
• THE CONTEXT IN WHICH AN INDIVIDUAL SEES OBJECT OR EVENTS IS VERY IMPORTANT
• ELEMENTS IN THE SURROUNDING ENVIRONMENT INFLUENCE ONE’S PERCEPTION
• THE SITUATIONAL FACTORS :-

1. PHYSICAL SETTING
2. SOCIAL SETTING
3. ORGANIZATIONAL SETTING

• FACTORS IN PERCEPTUAL ORGANIZATION
• SIMILARITY : OTHER THINGS BEING EQUAL SIMILAR THINGS TEND TO BE PERCEIVED AS BELONGING TOGETHER
• PROXIMITY : OTHER THINGS BEING EQUAL,THINGS NEAR TO EACH OTHER TEND TO BE PERCEIVED AS BELONGING TOGETHER.
• CONTINUITY :-STIMULI THAT FORM A COMPLETE OR SYMMETRICAL FIGURE OR A GOOD FORM TEND TO BE GROUPED AS PARTS OF THE WHOLE.
• CONTEXT :-THE ENVIRONMENT OR THE SETTING OF AN OBJECT OFTEN DETERMINE HOW A THING WILL BE PERCEIVED
• PERCEPTUAL ERRORS AND DISTORTION
• SELECTIVE PERCEPTION :-

1. PEOPLE DIFFER IN TERMS OF THEIR NEEDS,MOTIVES AND INTERESTS AND PERCEPTION IS INFLUENCED BY NEEDS,MOTIVES AND INTERESTS
2. DISTORTION OF THE MEANING SO THAT THEY MAY FIT WITH WHAT THEY WANT
3. LIKE IF PERSON FEELS INSECURE, EVERYTHING AROUND HIM WILL APPEAR TO BE POTENTIAL SOURCE OF DANGER
4. PERCEPTION IS BASICALLY A SELECTIVE PROCESS.AS PEOPLE CAN SEE ONLY LIMITED AMOUNT OF INFORMATION IN THE ENVIRONMENT
5. BY SELECTION,CERTAIN ASPECTS OF STIMULI ARE SCREENED OUT AND ADMITTED
6. NUMBER OF FACTORS AFFECT SELECTIVITY :NEEDS,MOTIVES AND BELIEF,EXPECTATION,PERCEPTUAL DEFENCE.

• PROJECTION

1. IT MEANS ATTRIBUTING ONE’S OWN TRAITS OR CHARACTERISTICS TO THE PEOPLE BEING JUDGED
2. LIKE ONE WHO IS DISHONEST MAY BE SUSPICIOUS OF OTHERS
3. WHEN A MANGER ENGAGES IN PROJECTION,HE COMPROMISES HIS ABILITY TO RESPOND TO INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCE AND HE TEND TO SEE PEOPLE AS MORE HOMOGENEOUS THAN THEY REALLY ARE

• STEREOTYPING

1. JUDGING PEOPLE ON THE BASIS OF THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GROUP TO WHICH THEY BELONG IS CALLED STEREOTYPING.
2. THE WORD,” STEREOTYPE WAS FIRST USED BY WALTER LIPPMANN TO PERCEPTION. APPLIED FOR ETHNIC PREJUDICE.
3. SHORT CUT TO PREDICT BEHAVIOUR OF OTHERS
4. EXAMPLES : AMERICAN ARE MATERIALISTIC,GERMAN ARE HARDWORKING.
5. TENDENCY FOR A PERSON ‘S PERCEPTION OF ANOTHER TO BE INFLUENCED BY THE SOCIAL GROUP TO WHICH HE BELONGS

• HALO EFFECT

1. IT REFERS TO THE TENDENCY OF DRAWING A GENERAL IMPRESSION ABOUT A INDIVIDUAL BASED ON A SINGLE CHARACTERISTICS SUCH AS INTELLIGENCE.SOCIABILITY,OR APPEARANCE
2. COMMON TYPE OF ERROR COMMITTED BY MANAGER WHILE EVALUATING THE SUBORDINATE
3. A RATER MAY TEND TO GIVE APPROXIMATELY THE SAME RATING ON ALL FACTORS

• IMPRESSION
• OFTEN FORM IMPRESSION OF OTHERS ON THE FIRST SIGHT
• EVEN BEFORE KNOWING ANY OR THE PERSONALITY TRAITS,THEY START HAVING IMPRESSION
• SOMETIMES LEADS TO PERCEPTUAL DISTORTION BECAUSE FIRST IMPRESSION NEED NOT BE THE LAST IMPRESSION
• INFERENCE
• TO JUDGE OTHERS ON LIMITED INFORMATION
• FOR AN EXAMPLE AN EMPLOYEE MIGHT BE SITTING AT HIS DESK WITHOUT DOING NOTHING BUT IT MAY BE INFERRED THAT HE IS SINCERE TOWARDS HIS DUTIES
• PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL SHOULD BE BASED ON COMPLETE INFORMATION
• ATTRIBUTION

1. ATTRIBUTION MEANS ASSIGNING CAUSES TO AN EVENT.
2. IN THE CASE OF PERSON’S PERCEPTION ,IT IS THE ACT OF ASSIGNING CAUSE TO WHY A PERSON HAS BEHAVED IN PARTICULAR WAY
3. THIS THEORY WHICH AIDS IN PERCEPTUAL INTERPRETATION BY FOCUSING ON HOW PEOPLE ATTEMPT TO:-
4. UNDERSTAND THE CAUSES OF AN EVENT
5. ASSESS RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE OUTCOME OF THE EVENT
6. EVALUATE THE PERSONAL QUALITIES OF THE PEOPLE

• ATTRIBUTION THEORY

1. WHEN WE OBSERVE AN INDIVIDUAL ‘S BEHAVIOUR WE ATTEMPT TO DETERMINE WHETHER IT IS INTERNALLY OR EXTERNALLY CAUSED
2. INTERNALLY CAUSED BEHAVIOR IS UNDER THE CONTROL OF THE INDIVIDUAL
3. EXTERNALLY CAUSED BEHAVIOR IS SEEN AS RESULTING FROM OUTSIDE CAUSES
4. THERE IS A TENDENCY FOR THE INDIVIDUAL TO ATTRIBUTE THEIR OWN BEHAVIOR TO SITUATIONAL FACTORS BUT EXPLAIN THE BEHAVIOR OF OTHERS BY THEIR PERSONAL DISPOSITION.
5. WHEN A PERSON OBSERVES AN EVENT IN AN ORGANIZATION, HIS EVALUATION OF AND REACTION TO OTHER BEHAVIOR MAY BE HIGHLY INFLUENCED BY HIS PERCEPTION
6. A NURSE DROPS TRAY OF MEDICINE WILL BE EXCUSED IF THE INCIDENT IS PERCEIVED AS CAUSED BY SLIPPERY FLOOR BUT SHE WILL BE FIRED IF IT IS PERCEIVED IF DONE DELIBERATELY
7. IF AN EMPLOYEE IS LATE FOR WORK, THE SUPERVISOR MAY RELATE IT TO OVERSLEEPING WHICH IS AN INTERNAL INTERPRETATION BUT IF COMING LATE IS ATTRIBUTED TO A MAJOR TRAFFIC JAM ON THE WAY IT IS CALLED EXTERNAL ATTRIBUTIONS
8. THIS THOERY HELPS US UNDERSTANDING OF HOW PERCEPTION AFFECTS BEHAVIOR IN ORGANIZATION. IT SUGGEST WE OBSERVE BEHAVIOR AND ATTRIBUTE CAUSES TO IT

• ATTRIBUTION
• PERCEPTUAL DISTORTION OCCURS BECAUSE:

1. FUNDAMENTAL ATTRIBUTION ERROR:- WHEN WE MAKE JUDGMENT ABOUT THE BEHAVIOR OF OTHER PEOPLE WE HAVE A TENDENCY TO UNDERESTIMATE THE INFLUENCE OF EXTERNAL FACTORS AND OVER ESTIMATE THE INFLUENCE OF INTERNAL OR PERSONAL FACTORS
2. SELF SERVING BIAS : TENDENCY FOR THE INDIVIDUALS TO ATTRIBUTE THEIR SUCCESSES TO INTERNAL FACTORS LIKE ABILITY OR EFFORTS WHILE PUTTING THE BLAME FOR FAILURE ON EXTERNAL FACTORS LIKE LUCK

• PERCEPTUAL SET

1. PREVIOUSLY HELD BELIEFS ABOUT OBJECTS INFLUENCE AN INDIVDUAL’S PERCEPTION OF SIMILAR OBJECT
2. CALLED PERCEPTUAL SET
3. A MANAGER MAY HAVE DEVELOPED THE GENERAL BELIEF AND ATTITUDES THAT WORKERS ARE LAZY AND SHRIEKER
4. HIS SUBSEQUENT PERCEPTION WILL BE INFLUENCED BY THIS SET WHEN HE MEETS ANOTHER GROUP

• PERCEPTUAL DEFENCE

1. REFERS TO THE SCREENING OUT OF THOSE ELEMENTS WHICH CREATES CONFLICT AND THREATENING SITUATION FOR PEOPLE
2. THEY MAY PERCEIVE OTHER FACTORS TO BE PRESENT THAT ARE NOT A PART OF THE SITUATION
3. THE DEFENCE MECHANISM PUT UP BY THE PERCIEVER MAY ASSUME ANY OF THE FOUR FORMS :
4. OUTRIGHT DENIAL
5. MODIFICATION OF THE DATA RECEIVED
6. CHANGE IN PERCEPTION BUT REFUSAL TO CHANGE
7. CHANGE IN PERCEPTION ITSELF