NATURE AND PROCESS OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR

• NATURE OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND PROCESS OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR
  ORGANIZATION BEHAVIOR
  
  
•  MEANING OF BEHAVIOR

1. AN ORGANIZATION IS BASICALLY THE ASSOCIATION OF HUMAN BEINGS AND A MAJOR PROBLEM OF ORGANIZATION IS HOW TO GET MAXIMUM POSSIBLE EFFORTS AND CONTRIBUTIONS OF THESE HUMAN BEINGS
2. IT IS VERY MUCH ESSENTIAL TO KNOW THE WAY HUMAN BEINGS BEHAVE.
3. BEHAVIOR IS WHAT A PERSON DOES.
4. IT IS DEFINED AS THE OBSERVABLE AND MEASURABLE BEHAVIOR ACTIVITY OF HUMAN BEING. IT IS KNOWN AS OVERT BEHAVIOR.
5. IT COVERS ACTIVITIES WHICH SHOW GREAT VARIATIONS LIKE IT MAY BE IN THE FORM OF MENTAL PROCESS LIKE DECISION MAKING OR IN THE FORM OF LIKE HANDLING MACHINES
6. ANOTHER ASPECT OF BEHAVIOR WHICH IS NOT OBSERVABLE OR NOT MEASURABLE KNOWN AS COVERT BEHAVIOR, LIKE FEELING,ATTITUDE FORMATION-FAVORABLE OR UNFAVORABLE,PERCEPTION

• BEHAVIOR : CAUSED OR AUTONOMOUS

1. ASSUMPTION THAT HUMAN BEHAVIOR IS CAUSED THEREFORE CAN BE MOTIVATED AND DIRECTED. HUMAN BEINGS ARE NOT SELF CONTAINED ENTITIES BUT ARE AFFECTED BY LARGE SYSTEMS-GROUPS,FAMILY,SOCIETY ETC.
2. HUMAN BEHAVIOR SHOULD BE TAKEN IN THE TERMS OF CAUSE AND EFFECT RELATIONSHIP NOT IN PHILOSOPHICAL TERMS. THE MANAGER CAN BETTER BE ABLE TO INTERVENE AND DIRECT ORGANIZATIONAL PROCESSES TOWARDS THE ACCOMPLISHMENT OF SPECIFIC GOALS IF THEY GO IN DEEPER IN ANALYZING THE CAUSE OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR.
3. HUMAN BEHAVIOR IS NOT PERFECTLY PREDICTABLE BECAUSE IT IS AFFECTED BY LARGE NUMBER OF VARIABLES AND EACH VARIABLE IS QUITE COMPLEX AND IN MANY CASES HE HAS TO ACT ON THE BASIS OF PARTIAL INFORMATION. IT THE REAL ART OF MANAGING
4. PROCESS OF BEHAVIOR
5. IF WE ASSUME BEHAVIOR IS CAUSED AND THIS ASSUMPTION IS TRUE AND THEN BEHAVIOR TAKES IN THE FORM OF PROCESS.THREE MODEL OF BEHAVIOR:

1. S-R MODEL
2. S-O-R MODEL
3. S-O-B-C MODEL

• S-R MODEL

1. THE  S-R MODEL OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR IS CAUSED BY CERTAIN REASONS. THE REASONS MAY BE:-
2. INTERNAL FEELING:INNER FEELING OF A PERSON MAY RELATE TO HIS MOTIVATIONAL FACTOR
3. EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT: WHICH IS CALLED THE STIMULUS DIRECTLY INFLUENCE THE ACTIVITY OF PERSON. THE STIMULUS MAY BE IN THE FORM OF HEAT,LIGHT ETC
4. IT IMPLIES THAT BEHAVIOR IS DETERMINED BY THE SITUATION  OR IN OTHER WORDS EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENTAL FORCES DETERMINE THE BEHAVIOR OF A PERSON AT ANY GIVEN MOMENT.THERE IS DIRECT RELATION BETWEEN STIMULUS AND THE RESPONSE

• LIMITATION OF S-R MODEL

1. THAT ORGANISM OR PERSON IS IMMOBILE AND PASSIVE BUT IN REALITY THE PERSON CONCERNED PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN BEHAVIOR WHICH IS INFLUENCED BY THE INNER FEELING OF THE PERSON.
2. DOES NOT GIVE A COMPLETE PICTURE AS TO WHAT CAUSED THE PERSON TO ACT IN PARTICULAR WAY IN PARTICULAR SITUATIONS

• S-O-R MODEL

1. S-O-R MODEL OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR IS ACHIEVED BY INSERTING O( ORGANISM) IN THE CLASSICAL S-R MODEL AND HERE O IS NOT PASSIVE OR IMMOBILE
2. RATHER O IS VIEWED AS A MEDIATING ,MAINTENANCE AND ADJUSTIVE FUNCTION BETWEEN S AND R AND AS MEDIATING O IS QUITE ACTIVE,SCAN THE ENVIRONMENT,MONITOR ITS OWN ACTIONS,SEEKING CERTAIN CONDITIONS AND AVOIDING OTHERS. AS A MAINTENANCE FUNCTION,ORGANS OF O ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR HEALTH AND GROWTH
3. THREE CATEGORIES OF MAINTENANCE ORGANS:-

1. RECEPTOR ( SENSE ORGANS)
2. CONNECTOR( NERVOUS ORGANS)
3. EFFECTOR  ( MUSCLES AND GLANDS)
4. THE ADJUSTMENT FUNCTION OF THE O MONITOR THE PERSON’S ACTIVITIES SO THAT HE CAN OVERCOME OBSTACLES AND SATISFY HIS NEEDS

•  
• S-O-R MODEL
• IT GIVES IMPORTANCE  TO HUMAN VARIABLE BUT STILL REMAINS A RELATIVELY MECHANISTIC AND SIMPLISTIC APPROACH AND DOES NOT EXPLAIN THE COMPLEXITY OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR
• S-O-B-C MODEL

1. INCORPORATES A MORE COMPLEX MECHANISM OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR WHICH MODIFIES AND EXTENDS S-O-R MODEL
2. S STANDS FOR SITUATION  IS MORE COMPREHENSIVE THAN STIMULI OF S-O-R MODEL AND INCORPORATES ALL ASPECTS OF THE ENVIRONMENT: IMMEDIATE STIMULUS,PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIO CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT
3. O IS THE ORGANISM BUT DOES NOT REPRESENT THE PHYSIOLOGICAL BEING IN THE S-O-R MODEL BUT ALSO THE PSYCHOLOGICAL BEING WHICH IS MORE COMPLEX
4. B STANDS FOR PATTERN OF BEHAVIOR BOTH OVERT AND COVERT
5. C STANDS FOR CONTINGENT CONSEQUENCES BOTH OVERT AND COVERT
6. EARLIER MODEL DEALS WITH OVERT BEHAVIOR
7. MODEL BEHAVIOR TAKES PLACE BECAUSE OF THE INTERACTION OF SITUATION(S),ORGANISM(O),BEHAVIOR PATTERN(B0 AND CONSEQUENCES (C)
8. IT IS COMPLEX MODEL.
9. COMPLEXITY EXIST BECAUSE OF TWO REASONS:-

1. DIFFERENT VARIABLE WITH IN EACH ELEMENTS OF THE MODEL AND DIFFERENT ELEMENTS INTERACT AMONG THEMSELVES WITH EACH ELEMENTS AFFECTING OTHERS AND IN TURN AFFECTED BY OTHERS
2. O ORGANISM IS NOT ONLY PHYSIOLOGICAL BEING BUT A COMBINATION OF PHYSIOLOGICAL AND SOCIO –PSYCHOLOGICAL BEING.IT HAS VERY SIGNIFICANT IMPACT ON THE BEHAVIOR PROCESS, IT IS ONLY O THAT INTERACTS WITH THE SITUATION AND BASED ON HIS OWN NATURE ,HE MAY PERCEIVE THE SITUATION IN PARTICULAR WAY AND BEHAVE ACCORDINGLY

• IMPLICATIONS

1. TRIES TO EXPLAIN THE PROCESS OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR BUT IT PRESENTS ONLY A BARE BONE SKETCH OF THE BEHAVIOR
2. THERE ARE OTHER VARIABLES WHICH ALSO AFFECT THE HUMAN BEHAVIOR.
3. VARIOUS FACTORS AFFECTING HUMAN BEHAVIOR MAY BE WITH IN OR LIE IN SITUATIONS WITH WHICH HE INTERACTS.
4. THE NATURE OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR IS COMPLEX AND IN UNDERSTANDING THE BEHAVIOR OF PEOPLE,IS STUDIED IN THEIR TOTALITY BY TAKING TOTAL MAN CONCEPT.

• FOUNDATION OF INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOR
• FACTORS IN INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOR:
• PHYSIOLOGICAL:-

1. INTELLIGENCE
2. PHYSICAL ABILITIES
3. AGE
4. GENDER
5. RACE

• SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL:-

1. PERSONALITY
2. PERCEPTION
3. LEARNING
4. ATTITUDES AND VALUES
5. EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE
6. MOTIVATION

• NATURE OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES

1. PEOPLE DIFFER IN THE IMPORTANCE THEY ATTACH TO INTRINSIC REWARDS TO THE JOB
2. PEOPLE DIFFER IN THE TYPE OF COMPENSATION PLAN THE WANT OR DESIRE
3. PEOPLE DIFFER IN THE STYLE OF SUPERVISION
4. PEOPLE DIFFER IN THEIR PREFFERED SCHEDULED OF WORK HOUR
5. PEOPLE DIFFER IN THEIR TOLERANCE FOR STRESS AND AMBIGUITY

• FACOTS CAUSING INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCE

1. PHYSIOLOGICAL VARIABLES
2. SOCIO PSYCHOLOGICAL VARIABLES
3. SITUATIONAL VARIABLES:

• ORGANIZATIONAL VARIABLES:

1. ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE
2. ORGANIZATION PROCESS
3. ORGANIZATION CULTURE

• JOB VARIABLES

1. NATURE OF THE JOB
2. WORK ENVIRONMENT

• MODELS OF MAN

1. RATIONAL ECONOMIC MAN
2. SOCIAL MAN
3. ORGANIZATION MAN
4. SELFACTUALISING MAN
5. COMPLEX MAN