MEANING AND CAUSES OF GREEN REVOLUTION

•    GREEN REVOLUTION
INDIAN ECONOMY
SHASHI AGGARWAL ECONOMICS AND LAW CLASSES

Ø    INTRODUCTION OF GREEN REVOLUTION

1.       THE GREEN REVOLUTION OF INDIA REFERS TO PERIOD WHEN INDIAN AGRICULTURE WAS CONVERTED INTO AN INDUSTRIAL SYSTEM DUE TO THE ADOPTION OF MODERN METHODS AND TECHNOLOGY SUCH AS THE USE OF HIGH YIELDING VARIETY SEEDS.TRACTORS.IRRIGATION FACILITIES.PESTICIDES AND FERTILIZERS.

2.       THE GREEN REVOLUTION WITH IN INDIA COMMENCED EARLY 1960 THAT LED TO AN INCREASE IN FOOD GRAINS PRODUCTION ESPECIALLY IN PUNJAB,HARYANA AND UP.

3.       THIS WAS PART OF THE LARGER GREEN REVOLUTION EFFORTS INITIATED BY NORMAN BORLAUG.

Ø    MEANING OF GREEN REVOLUTION

·         GREEN REVOLUTION MEANS:

1.       MARKED IMPROVEMENT IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION

2.       SUSTENANCE OF HIGHER LEVEL OF AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION OVER  A LONG PERIOD OF TIME

·         GREEN REVOLUTION MEANS SIGNIFICANT INCREASE IN AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION IN THE SIXTIES CONSEQUENT UPON THE ADOPTION OF NEW AGRICULTURE STRATEGY AND USE OF HYV SEEDS AND CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS.

·         J.G HARRAR,” THE GREEN REVOLUTION IS THE PHRASE GENERALLY USED TO DESCRIBE SPECTACULAR INCREASE THAT TOOK PLACE DURING 1968 AND IS CONTINUING IN THE PRODUCTION OF FOOD GRAINS IN INDIA.

Ø    MAIN FEATURES OF GREEN REVOLUTION

1.       REVOLUTIONARY: BASED ON NEW TECHNOLOGY,NEW IDEAS AND NEW APPLICATION OF INPUTS LIKE HYV SEEDS,FERTILIZERS AND IRRIGATION ,PESTICIDES ETC

2.       HYV SEEDS: APPLICATION OF HIGH YIELDING VARIETY SEED. MOST OF THEM ARE DWARF VARIETY(SHORT STATURE) AND MATURATION IN SHORT PERIOD.

3.       CONFINED TO WHEAT REVOLUTION

4.       NARROW SPREAD:-CONFINED TO PUNJAB,HARYANA AND WETERN PART OF UP

Ø    CAUSES OF GREEN REVOLUTION

1. HIGH YIELDING VARIETIES OF SEEDS:EXPERIMENT WAS DONE IN 1966 ESPECIALLY ON FIVE CROPSWHEAT,RICE,BAJRA,MAIZE AND JOWAR.HYV SEEDS EVOLVED BY NORMAN E BORLAUG  AND WERE FIRST USED IN AREA UNDER INTENSIVE AGRICULTURAL DISTRICT PROGRAMME.AS A RESULT OF THESE HYV PER HECTARE YIELD INCREASED:
1. PER HECTARE YIELD INCREASED FROM 8.5 QUINTAL PER HECTARE TO 27 QUINTALS PER HECTARE
2. YIELD OF MAIZE INCREASED TO 17 QUINTALS
3. BAZARA TO 8 QUINTALS
2. CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS:-INCREASE IN FOOD GRAINS PRODUCTION IS ALSO DUE TO  MORE USE OF CHEMICAL FERTILIZER-68,CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS ROSE TO THE EXTENT OF 11 LACS TONS,IN 2006-2007 IT WAS 220.5 LACS’ PER HECTARE CONSUMPTION INCREASED FROM 19 KG TO 113.26 KG IN 2006-2007
3. IRRIGATION:-1965-66 320 LACS HECTARES INCREASED TO 1,028 LACS HECTARES IN 2006 -2007
4. MULTIPLE CROPING:-THE PROGRAMME OF MULTIPLE CROPPING WAS INITIATED IN 1967-68. LIKE WHEAT IS HARVESTED IN APRIL,CROP LIKE MOONG IS SOWN WHICH MATURES IN TWO MONTHS. AFTER RICE AND SUGAR CANE CAN BE SOWN.
5. MODERN AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY:-USE OF MODERN AGRICULTURE MACHINERY LIKE TRACTOR,HARVESTER,PUMPING SETS HAVE MADE THE USE OF HYV AND IT MADE THE MULTIPLE CROPPING. 17 AGRO INDUSTRIES CORPORATIONS HAVE BEEN SET UP INDIFFERENT STATES TO MAKE THE CHEAP AND GOOD MACHINERY. AGRO SERVICE CENTERS HAVE BEEN SET UP IN MANY STATES TO GIVE TRACTORS ON LEASE
6. CREDIT FACILITIES:-DUE TO NATIONALIZATION OF COMMERCIAL BANKS IN 1969 THERE HAS BEEN APPRECIABLE INCREASE IN CREDIT FACILITIES. INSTEAD OF MONEY LENDERS THEIR CREDIT NEEDS ARE SATISFIED BY AGRICULTURAL CREDIT INSTITUTIONS AT LOW RATE OF INTEREST.IN 2006-2007,TOTAL CREDIT PROVIDED TO AGRICULTURE SECTOR WAS 2,03,297 CRORE.
7. AGRICULTURE RESEARCH:-1N 1966 THE REORGANIZATION OF INDIAN COUNCIL OF AGRICULTURE RESEARCH WAS REORGANIZED. IN 1966 THREE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY WERE SET UP IN ASSAM,HARAYANA AND MP. IT ROSE TO 23 AND AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING COLLEGES HAVE BEEN SET UP.
8. PLANT PROTECTION:-THREE SCHEMES FOR PROTECTION OF PLANTS:-

1.       INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT SCHEME

2.       LOCUS SURVEILLANCE AND CONTROL

3.       PLANT AND SEED QUARANTINE

9.       SETTING UP OF CENTRAL AND REGIONAL PESTICIDES AND TESTING LABORATORIES

10. SOIL CONSERVATION: CHECKING OF SOIL EROSION AND LEVEL OF UNEVEN LAND
11. SOIL TESTING:-TESTING AT GOVERNMENT LABORATORIES TO KNOW WHAT KIND OF FERTILIZERS AND SEEDS WILL BE USED
12. GENERAL INSURANCE CORPORATION IN COLLABORATION WITH THE STATE GOVERNMENT HAS STARTED CROP INSURANCE.

13. PROVIDED MARKETING FACILITY TO FARMERS FOR SELLING AND MARKETING THEIR PRODUCTS. MORE AVAILING OF COLD STORAGE AND WAREHOUSES.
14. AGRICULTURE COSTS AND PRICE COMMISSION HAS BEEN SET UP. IT DETERMINE THE MINIMUM SUPPORT PRICES OF IMPORTANT AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES.